Infectious diseases

Pharmacists play a vital role in the battle against infectious diseases due to their frontline contribution through prevention, screening and management strategies. Their expertise in medication management, including antibiotics, antivirals, and vaccines, ensures effective treatment while minimizing resistance and adverse effects.

As frequently on of the first point of contact for healthcare advice, pharmacists possess keen observation skills to detect early symptoms of infectious diseases. They can refer patients to other medical professionals for diagnosis and collaborate closely with healthcare teams to ensure comprehensive care. By supporting medication adherence and participating in antimicrobial stewardship programs, pharmacists actively combat the rise of antibiotic-resistant infections as well as HIV medication therapies for example.

Infectious diseases are a core element of FIP Development Goal 16 (Communicable diseases), aiming at the provision of services for the prevention, surveillance, management and therapeutic optimisation of communicable and vector-borne diseases, and it is directly linked to the majority of FIP DGs.

For all the work related to Antimicrobial Resistance (AMR) please see the following page.

FIP publications on infectious diseases

Publications are presented in chronological order, from more recent to older. Please scroll down inside the grey area or using the scroll bar on its side to find more FIP publications.

HIV prevention, screening and management: A handbook for pharmacists (2022)

The human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) epidemic has burdened the world for decades and, while immense progress has been made in terms of prevention, testing, treatment and quality of life for people living with
HIV, the virus remains both a major global health threat and a burden for individuals, health systems and societies. Concerted efforts by all stakeholders and healthcare providers are essential to control this epidemic,
and pharmacists certainly have an important role to play.

As the role of pharmacists evolves and expands to meet the changing needs of communities, their knowledge and skills continue to underpin a range of services that deliver value to patients and healthcare systems. This
handbook for pharmacists describes a variety of professional services and activities in four main areas: prevention, screening and testing, management and treatment optimisation, and public health and education.

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Prevención, detección y tratamiento del VIH: Manual para farmacéuticos (2022)

ESPAÑOL

La epidemia del virus de la inmunodeficiencia humana (VIH) lleva décadas asolando el mundo y, aunque se han hecho inmensos progresos en materia de prevención, pruebas, tratamiento y calidad de vida de las personas que viven con el VIH, el virus sigue siendo una gran amenaza para la salud mundial y una carga para las personas, los sistemas sanitarios y las sociedades. Los esfuerzos concertados de todas las partes interesadas y de los profesionales sanitarios son esenciales para controlar esta epidemia, y los farmacéuticos tienen sin duda un importante papel que desempeñar.

A medida que el papel de los farmacéuticos evoluciona y se amplía para satisfacer las necesidades cambiantes de las comunidades, sus conocimientos y habilidades siguen siendo la base de una serie de servicios que aportan valor a los pacientes y a los sistemas sanitarios. Este manual para farmacéuticosdescribe una serie de servicios y actividades profesionales en cuatro áreas principales: prevención, detección y pruebas, gestión y optimización del tratamiento, y salud pública y educación.

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Vector-borne diseases: a handbook for pharmacists. Disease prevention, control, management and treatment (2000)

ENGLISH
This publication, produced in collaboration with the Pharmaceutical Forum of the Americas, provides an overview of vector-borne diseases and the actions that pharmacists can take. It covers education on prevention methods, advice on the use of repellents, compounding of mosquito repellents, improving vaccination coverage, optimising adherence to treatments; and reducing social stigma.

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Maladies à transmission vectorielle : un manuel pour les pharmaciens. Prévention, contrôle, gestion et traitement des maladies (2000)

FRANÇAIS
Cette publication, réalisée en collaboration avec le Forum pharmaceutique des Amériques et traduite en français par le Forum pharmaceutique africain, donne un aperçu des maladies à transmission vectorielle et des actions que les pharmaciens peuvent entreprendre. Elle couvre l’éducation sur les méthodes de prévention, les conseils sur l’utilisation des répulsifs, la préparation des produits anti-moustiques, l’amélioration de la couverture vaccinale, l’optimisation de l’adhésion aux traitements et la réduction de la stigmatisation sociale.

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Doenças transmitidas por vetores: um manual para os farmacêuticos. Prevenção, controlo, gestão e tratamento de doenças. (2000)

PORTUGUÊS
Esta publicação, produzida em colaboração com o Fórum Farmacêutico das Américas e traduzida para português pela Associação de Farmacêuticos de Países de Língua Portuguesa, oferece uma visão geral das doenças transmitidas por vectores e das acções que os farmacêuticos podem empreender. Abrange a educação sobre métodos de prevenção, aconselhamento sobre o uso de repelentes, preparação de produtos repelentes de mosquitos, melhoria da cobertura vacinal, optimização da aderência ao tratamento e redução do estigma social.

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Enfermedades transmitidas por vectores: un manual para farmacéuticos. Prevención, control, gestión y tratamiento (2000)

ESPAÑOL
Esta publicación, elaborada y traducida al español en colaboración con el Foro Farmacéutico de las Américas, ofrece una visión general de las enfermedades transmitidas por vectores y de las medidas que pueden adoptar los farmacéuticos. Abarca la educación sobre métodos de prevención, el asesoramiento sobre el uso de repelentes, la preparación de productos antimosquitos, la mejora de la cobertura de vacunación, la optimización de la adherencia al tratamiento y la reducción del estigma social.

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WHO-FIP Joint Statement: The role of pharmacists in tuberculosis care and control (2011)

The World Health Organization (WHO) and the International Pharmaceutical Federation (FIP) intend to intensify their collaboration towards care and control of TB and MDR-TB globally. While recognizing the broader role of pharmacists in the development and use of anti-TB medicines, this joint statement focuses on the role of pharmacists directly involved in delivering care for people with TB.

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CPD bites: A day in the life of a pharmacist supporting patients to self-manage common ailments (2023)

This series will deliver six episodes of CPD bites presenting experiences and views of six pharmacists, from six different countries/regions discussing pharmacists’ role and experience in supporting patients’ self-care/self-manage commonly experienced ailments such as common cold, sore throat, flu, reflux, skin infections, or urinary tract infections. The series will cover the importance of customer satisfaction; patient reassurance; patient loyalty; diagnostic service provision; patient empathy; counter staff training; patient triage; and interactions with physicians in self-care

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Events/Webinars on infectious diseases

You may access the recordings of all past events through the links provided below. Events are presented in chronological order, from more recent to older. Please scroll down inside the grey area or using the scroll bar on its side to find more FIP events. You may also want to check the upcoming digital events at www.events.fip.org.

Pharmacy engagement in tuberculosis prevention and care

March 22, 2024

Tuberculosis (TB) is a preventable and curable disease. However, according to the WHO, in 2022, it affected 10.6 million people worldwide and caused 1.3 million deaths. TB occurs in all countries and in people of all ages. Multi-drug resistant TB (MDR-TB) remains a public health crisis and a threat to health security, with only about two in five people receiving treatment in 2022. In this digital event, experts will explore the role that pharmacists play in the fight against TB, and how this role can be further leveraged. This event marks World TB Day and aims to strengthen pharmacy engagement, foster collaboration and contribute to a TB-free world through collective expertise and commitment.

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Pharmacists support to medication management for people living with HIV

December 1, 2023

Preventing new HIV infections is one of the most important steps towards curbing the HIV epidemic. Pharmacists are ideally placed to support prevention strategies that can reduce the risk of transmission, including advice on safer sex practices, supporting the use of pre- or post-exposure prophylaxis (PrEP/PEP) and supporting harm reduction strategies for intravenous drug users. Managing and optimising treatments in people living with HIV is another important way in which pharmacists can contribute. This event aims to explore options on how to assess and support patients, establish adherence strategies, manage side effects, provide counselling on lifestyle factors, and make appropriate referrals. Further, this event aims to provide skills to optimise HIV therapy, identify and resolve medication-related problems, collaborate with the care team, and empower patients to improve health outcomes.

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Integrating point-of-care testing in community pharmacy practice: Findings from a global intelligence report

November 17, 2023

Pharmacy professionals are fully committed to an interprofessional and person-centred approach to healthcare. Where the regulatory framework allows, a wide range of point-of-care tests (POCT) can be carried out in community pharmacies. POCT can be incorporated into disease management programmes to monitor the effects of treatment in people living with non-communicable diseases. In addition, in acute situations, pharmacy professionals can use POCT to support clinical decision-making and provide rapid, safe pharmaceutical care. These tests provide valuable data to inform health-related decisions and reduce avoidable visits to primary care physicians or emergency departments. At this event, FIP will launch a global intelligence report on pharmacy-based point-of-care testing.

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The role of pharmacy professionals in point-of-care testing

February 14, 2023

Pharmacy professionals are fully committed to an interprofessional and person-centred approach to healthcare. Where the regulatory framework permits, a broad range of point-of-care (POC) tests can be performed at community pharmacies or clinical biology laboratories. POC tests can provide valuable information to support health-related decision making and reduce unnecessary presentations to general practitioners or emergency departments. POC tests may also be provided as part of a disease state management service to monitor the outcomes of treatment in people with chronic non-communicable diseases. In addition, pharmacy professionals can use POC tests to intervene and provide safe and quick pharmaceutical care in acute situations.

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The role of pharmacists in the prevention, screening and treatment management of HIV: An international update

December 1, 2022

At this event on World AIDS day, we will explore the different roles pharmacists can have in the prevention and screening of HIV infections, as well as in providing care and support to people living with HIV, namely through medication management. Other roles for pharmacists include HIV prevention through dispensing and providing support to preexposure prophylaxis (PrEP), HIV testing and harm reduction strategies for IV drugs users.

The World Health Organization estimates that around 38 million people live with HIV globally. Although there is still no cure for HIV, with the advancement of therapies and increasing access to effective HIV prevention, diagnosis, treatment and care, including for opportunistic infections, HIV infection has become a manageable chronic health condition, enabling people living with HIV to lead long and healthy lives.

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Pharmacists’ contributions to HIV prevention and management

December 1, 2022

The first of December commemorates World AIDS day and this year FIP will join this campaign by launching a toolkit for pharmacists on HIV prevention, screening and management. It is now possible to effectively prevent the transmission of HIV through pharmacological strategies (preexposure and postexposure prophylaxis). New HIV tests have also become available, including point-of-care tests and self-tests. Pharmacists’ expertise and accessibility can be leveraged for a variety of important roles in the prevention and screening of HIV infections. Join this event to learn about these roles and be inspired by examples from different countries.

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The role of the pharmacist in the prevention and management of vector-borne diseases: European region

September 22, 2021

Pharmacists are uniquely positioned to help communities and patients protect themselves from vector-borne diseases (VBDs). This webinar will describe the most prevalent VBDs in the European region and identify the most relevant roles that pharmacists can play in their prevention (including vector-control strategies and other measures), management and optimal treatment.

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The role of pharmacists in the prevention and management of vector-borne diseases: a perspective from the Southeast Asian region

August 19, 2021

Pharmacists are uniquely positioned to help communities and patients protect themselves from vector-borne diseases (VBDs). This webinar will describe the most prevalent VBDs in the Southeast Asian region, and identify the most relevant roles that pharmacists can play in their prevention (including vector-control strategies and other measures), management and optimal treatment.

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The role of pharmacists in the prevention and management of vector-borne diseases: a perspective from the Western Pacific region

July 22, 2021

Pharmacists are uniquely positioned to help communities and patients protect themselves from vector-borne diseases (VBDs). This webinar will describe the most prevalent VBDs in the Western Pacific region and identify the most relevant roles that pharmacists can play in their prevention (including vector-control strategies and other measures), management and optimal treatment.

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The role of pharmacists in the prevention and management of vector-borne diseases: a perspective from the Eastern Mediterranean region

June 21, 2021

Pharmacists are uniquely positioned to help communities and patients protect themselves from vector-borne diseases (VBDs). This webinar will describe the most prevalent VBDs in the Eastern Mediterranean region, and identify the most relevant roles that pharmacists can play in their prevention (including vector-control strategies and other measures), management and optimal treatment.

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The role of pharmacists in the prevention and management of vector-borne diseases: a perspective from the European region

September 22, 2021

Pharmacists are uniquely positioned to help communities and patients protect themselves from vector-borne diseases (VBDs). This webinar will describe the most prevalent VBDs in the European region, and identify the most relevant roles that pharmacists can play in their prevention (including vector-control strategies and other measures), management and optimal treatment.

Coming Soon

The role of the pharmacist in the prevention and management of vector-borne diseases: African region

May 20, 2021

Pharmacists are uniquely positioned to help communities and patients protect themselves from vector-borne diseases (VBDs). This webinar will describe the most prevalent VBDs in the African region, and identify the most relevant roles that pharmacists can play in their prevention (including vector-control strategies and other measures), management and optimal treatment.

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IN PORTUGUESE Desafios e Oportunidades para a Profissão Farmacêutica no espaço lusófono –Doenças transmitidas por vetores

April 28, 2021

Um webinar intitulado “Desafios e Oportunidades para a Profissão Farmacêutica no espaço lusófono –Doenças transmitidas por vetores” teve lugar no dia 28 de abril, às 18:00 horário de Portugal, organizado conjuntamente pela Federação Internacional Farmacêutica (FIP) e a Associação de Farmacêuticos dos Países de Língua Portuguesa (AFPLP) em língua portuguesa. Este webinar foi baseado no Manual da FIP para Farmacêuticos sobre doenças transmitidas por vetores, produzido em colaboração com o o Fórum Farmacêutico das Américas. Os oradores apresentaram e discutiram estudos de caso de vários países lusófonos sobre o papel único dos farmacêuticos na prevenção e gestão de doenças transmitidas por vetores.

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IN SPANISH El farmacéutico en la prevención y manejo de las enfermedades transmisibles por vectores: una perspectiva de la región de las Américas

April 21, 2021

Los farmacéuticos tienen una posición privilegiada para ayudar a las comunidades y a los pacientes a protegerse de las enfermedades transmitidas por vectores (ETV). En este webinar se describirán las ETV con mayor prevalencia en las Américas; posteriormente se identificaran las intervenciones farmacéuticas más relevantes en este ámbito y por último se presentarán tres experiencias desarrolladas por el Foro Farmacéutico de las Américas referentes al abordaje farmacéutico de las ETV

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Partnerships

TBPPM Learning Network

The TBPPM Learning Network is a dynamic online community, fostering South-South learning and exchanges to engage private providers in TB prevention and care. With over 2600 members and organizations, the community convenes in webinars, discussion forums, workshops and documents lessons learned in Feature stories and knowledge products. The online platform functions as a resource center, learning stage and connector.

Pharmaceutical Forum of the Americas

FIP has joined efforts with the Pharmaceutical Forum of the Americas highlighting their recent efforts in developing campaigns and materials on vector-borne diseases in the region.

The Pharmaceutical Forum of the Americas (PFA) has previously published guidelines and organised campaigns for community pharmacists on the prevention, detection and control of arbovirus infections in 2018 with a grant from the FIP Foundation for Pharmacy Education and Research. Building on that expertise, FIP joined efforts with the PFA and is now publishing its first-ever handbook to support pharmacists in the area of vector-borne diseases. As the integration of the regional forums in FIP advances, such collaborative projects are tangible results of an increasingly regionally informed and regionally targeted work by FIP. To access the PFA resources on VBDs, visit https://forofarmaceutico.org/practica-farmaceutica-2/

External Resources on infectious diseases

Infographic for managing cough and other tuberculosis (TB)-presumptive symptoms in the pharmacy.

"Managing cough in pharmacies" project:
Private-sector retail drug outlets (drug stores, pharmacies, chemists, drug sellers) are often the first point of contact for common health issues such as cough and fever, which include symptoms for tuberculosis (TB). Pharmacies are a key ally in supporting people with TB symptoms to receive appropriate and high-quality information, testing and treatment, either through referrals or links with healthcare providers. A study concluded that PPM pharmacy models are needed to End TB as well as to address antimicrobial resistance crisis. Over the last two decades, the role of retail drug outlets has evolved from pilot projects to formal incorporation into country plans (see webinar on Understanding market performance: analysis of private sector TB Drug sales). There are many models of engaging pharmacies with government TB programs, often through intermediary organizations (Some of these models were presented in a TBPPM Webinar Pharmacies and drug stores: finding people with TB and stepping up TB Care and additional models are outlined in our TBPPM Feature stories and in this article reviewing 19 country lessons). Yet, to date there are few specific guidelines and practical tools available on TB for pharmacists. As a result, an Infographic "Managing cough in pharmacies" was developed together with key partners, including the International Pharmaceutical Federation (FIP), with background outlined in BMJ Global Health (2023) and publicly made available in mid 2023. This document is available in the following languages:  
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Pharmacy engagement in TB prevention and care: not if, but how?

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The role of HIV viral suppression in improving individual health and reducing transmission

Antiretroviral therapy has transformed the lives of people living with HIV. All over the world, people living with HIV who have been diagnosed and treated early and take their medication as prescribed can now live longer and pursue as healthy a life as people who are HIV-negative. Further, people living with HIV who maintain an undetectable viral load by taking their antiretroviral therapy as prescribed have zero risk of transmitting HIV to their sexual partner(s) and minimal risk of transmitting HIV vertically to their children. Accurate, reliable testing for viral load is critical for realizing the benefits of antiretroviral therapy at both the individual and population levels. This policy brief describes key HIV viral load thresholds and the available viral load testing approaches for monitoring how well antiretroviral therapy is working for people living with HIV. It provides clarification for and elaborates upon the current treatment monitoring algorithm from the Consolidated guidelines on HIV prevention, testing, treatment, service delivery and monitoring: recommendations for a public health approach (1). This information can help people living with HIV to live healthy lives, ensure that HIV is not transmitted to other people and support policy-makers in determining the optimal allocation of resources for scaling up viral load testing and communicating the results.
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Resources for pharmacy professionals

In this section, pharmacy professionals can find a set of tools and resources that they can use to support their own professional development and in initiating conversations with patients and the community about vaccination.

These include videos, guidance and infographics. We invite you to visit this webpage regularly to check for new materials and translations.

CPD videos

These CPD Bites are short videos for pharmacists on specific vaccines and their use in risk population groups.

Episode 1: Pharmacists' roles in vaccination
...
Episode 2: Benefits of influenza vaccination in special populations
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Episode 3: Benefits of pertussis vaccination in special populations
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CPD Bites

These CPD Bites are short briefings for pharmacists on specific vaccines and their use in risk population groups.

Pharmacists' role in vaccination
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Understanding influenza
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Understanding pertussis
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Brief guides for patient advice

These brief guides provide a summary of evidence-based vaccination recommendations and messages about the risks of vaccine-preventable diseases for different risk groups, and the specific benefits of vaccination for them.

Brief guide for cardiovascular diseases
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Brief guide for chronic respiratory conditions
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Brief guide for older adults
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Brief guide for people living with diabetes
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Brief guide for pregnant individuals
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Infographic

This infographic is a summary of the main recommended vaccines and the risk groups that benefit from them.

Summary infographic of vaccination for risk groups
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Resources for patients or the general public

Vulnerable populations, such as individuals with chronic conditions, older adults and pregnant people  need reliable, accurate, and understandable information about vaccines from trusted sources. In this section, FIP provides a range of resources to be displayed at pharmacies or offered to patients and community members, to help them make informed decisions about getting vaccinated, protecting their health, and safeguarding the well-being of the community.

The materials in this page will help understanding how vaccines contribute to an improved quality of life and support learning about the importance of vaccination for different life stages and health conditions.

Video for pharmacy screens

This video can be displayed at the pharmacy. It presents the campaign resources.

Video presentation for pharmacy screens
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Posters with recommended vaccines for each risk group

These posters have the same information as the flyers above, but they can be printed in A3 format and displayed at the pharmacy to raise awareness about the main vaccination recommendations for each risk group. They also include a set of questions to prompt people to consult their pharmacist about vaccines. Pharmacists may decide to display posters on rotation, or at particular times of the year, such as around disease awareness days.

Poster for older adults
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Poster for patients living with cardiovascular diseases
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Poster for patients living with chronic respiratory conditions
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Poster for patients living with diabetes
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Poster for pregnant individuals
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Flyers with vaccination recommendations for each risk group (for patients)

These flyers may be printed and given to patients and community members as required. They highlight the main vaccination recommendations for each risk group.

Flyer for older adults
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Flyer for patients living with cardiovascular diseases
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Flyer for patients living with chronic respiratory conditions
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Flyer for patients living with diabetes
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Flyer for pregnant individuals
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Vaccination needs self-check

This poster can be printed and displayed at the pharmacy. It prompts the public to ask themselves a series of questions about their vaccination status and needs and invites them to ask their pharmacist for advice.

Vaccination needs self-check tool
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Bibliography

This bibliography includes the references used to support this campaign and cited in the various materials.

Bibliography
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Colophon

Let’s talk about vaccines!” campaign

Copyright 2023 International Pharmaceutical Federation (FIP)

Authors:

Gonçalo Sousa Pinto, FIP Lead for Practice Development and Transformation
Dr Dalia Bajis, FIP Lead for Partnerships and Provision
Dr Ozge Ozer, FIP Education and Professional Development Manager
Rúben Viegas, FIP Practice Development and Transformation Projects Coordinator

Design and layout:

Daria van Beek, FIP Marketing Manager
Hala Fathima, FIP Marketing Coordinator

Acknowledgments:

Amira Mustafa, FIP remote intern, USA (Content development)
Dr. Eric J. Yager, Albany College of Pharmacy and Health Sciences, USA (Reviewer)
Dr. Mine Durusu Tanriover, Hacettepe University, Turkiye (Reviewer)